Bayyinah Research Academy

From Question to Publication

A structured series that builds research skills step by step — starting with the decision that shapes everything else: the research question.

1

Writing a Strong Research Question

Focus on PICOT, with an introduction to PEO, SPIDER, PICo, and ECLIPSE. The anchor lesson of the series.

2

PICOT Framework in Detail

Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Time — applied to real clinical questions.

3

PEO, SPIDER & PICo: Choosing the Right Framework

Match the framework to the question type and study approach.

4

Choosing the Right Study Design

How the question drives observational, experimental, or review designs.

5

Choosing the Right Statistical Test

Selecting an appropriate test by outcome type and data structure.

6

p-values, Confidence Intervals & Effect Sizes

Reading results with both statistical and clinical relevance in mind.

7

Odds Ratio vs Risk Ratio vs Hazard Ratio

What each measure means and when to use it.

8

Confounding, Bias & Adjustment

Recognising threats to validity and how to address them.

9

Reading a Regression Table

Interpreting coefficients, intervals, and model outputs.

10

From Results to Manuscript

Interpreting and reporting findings for publication.

Lesson 1 · Spotlight

Writing a Strong Research Question

A strong research question determines the study design, data collection, analysis, interpretation, and publication strategy. Not every question uses the same framework — Lesson 1 shows you how to choose.

PICOT

Interventions and comparative clinical questions.

PEO

Exposure and observational questions.

SPIDER

Qualitative and mixed-methods questions.

PICo

Qualitative, context-based questions.

ECLIPSE

Service evaluation questions.

Worked example

See a full PICOT question built from a clinical scenario.